P2 and P3 formulae

Amino acids in living organisms are all α-amino acids (so called because the amino group is attached to the first carbon atom after the one in the –COOH group. They all have the following general structure:

Name	Formula
Abracadabra	αβ = c/a α + β = -b/a α and β are the roots of a quadratic equation
Cosqa-sinsqa	cos2A = cos^2A – sin^2A
Newton-Raphson
Product rule
Quotient rule
Toucosqa	cos2A = 2cos^2A – 1
Tousinsqa	cos2A = 1 – 2sin^2A